快樂方式

1. Selection of five Northumberland coastal plain ponds for SSSI status 

1.1. Introduction 

This is a project about SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Interest). In this project, 5 ponds among 40 ponds surveyed around the Druridge Bay area of southern Northumberland are choosen as the SSSI status. In addition, to choose the ponds as the SSSI status, it must review the distribution of different rare species, so the number of rare species in North and South Northumbria and Great Britain are also need to review before choosing the ponds as SSSI status. The comparasion work of total of Count of 10 km squares in North and South Northumberland and Great Britain are necessary to compare with 40 ponds in order to choose the ponds that have the high number of rare species in one type, the pond have the high number of rare species type as the SSSI status. The ponds which can meet the criteria of have the highest number of the rarest species, have the high number in the types of rare species consider in the aspect of rarity, unique, scientific value can be choose as the SSSI status. 

The project of choosing 5 ponds as SSSI status aims to choose the suitable ponds as the SSSI status and then conduct the SSSI policy to protect and manage the SSSI status, ensure the living habitat of rare species will not be pollution, destroy. 

1.2. Methodology 

This project need to find the information about the distribution in North and South Northumberland and Great Britain of 40 species indicated, to ranking all the species from rare to common, a compare with 40 ponds are also need to conduct after ranking. To choose the 5 ponds to set up SSSI status according to the criteria.  

To find out the information about the distribution of species, the website will going to visit to find the related information. The number of 10 km^2 square count at North and South Northumberland will be the criteria to judge the richness of one species. The species which have highest number of grid means the richness species, and vice versa. After getting the information about the number of each species observed at North and South Northumberland and Great Britain, ranking the species from rare to common according to the total number of 10 km^2 grid counted. In addition, few factors are also need to consider like the IUCN Red List other than that. Than, this result are necessary to conduct a comparison with the data of number of different species considered in 40 ponds, to choose the ponds that have the high number in rare species as the SSSI status according to the criteria of have the highest number of the rarest species, have the high number in the types of rare species consider in the aspect of rarity, unique, scientific value. The 5 ponds chosen will be set as SSSI to be  conservation used. 

1.3. Result 

Ranking (from rare to common)	Species	Count of 10 km squares in North and South Northumberland[1]			Rarity	Count of 10km squares in Great Britain[2]	Rarity	Total of Count of 10 km squares in North and South Northumberland and Great Britain	IUCN Red List[3]		Domin Scale
		South Nor.	North Nor,	Total					Recorded in Red List	State	Domin Scale	Range %
1.	Callitriche truncata	0	0	0	N/A	52	Native	52	Yes	Least Concern	1-5	<4-25
2.	Juncus articulatus	36	18	54	Natuinally scarce	60	Native	114	Yes	Least Concern	1-9	<4-90
3.	Ranunculus baudotii	1	0	1	Nationally rare	361	Native	362	Yes	Least Concern	1-3	<4
4.	Ranunculus lingua	11	1	12	Nationally rare	537	Native	549	Yes	Least Concern	3-5	<4-25
5.	Crassula helmsii	8	0	8	Nationally rare	604	Neophyte	612	No		2-9	<4-90
6.	Elodea nuttallii	9	2	11	Nationally rare	808	Neophyte	819	Yes	Least Concern	2-5	<4-25
7.	Triglochin maritimum	3	3	6	Nationally rare	837	Native	843	No		1-3	<4
8.	Ceratophyllum demersum	1	1	2	Nationally rare	927	Native	929	Yes	Least Concern	1-4	<4-10
9.	Bidens tripartita	1	0	1	Nationally rare	1055	Native	1056	Yes	Least Concern	1	<4
10.	Lemna trisulca	8	4	12	Nationally rare	1156	Native	1168	Yes	Least Concern	2-7	<4-50
11.	Carex curta	10	5	15	Nationally rare	1190	Native	1205	No		2-5	<4-25
12.	Rorippa palustris	2	5	7	Nationally rare	1353	Native	1360	No		1-4	<4-10
13.	Persicaria bistorta	9	2	11	Native	1355	Native	1366	No		1-4	<4-10
14.	Myriophyllum spicatum	6	5	11	Nationally rare	1409	Native	1420	Yes	Least Concern	2-3	<4
15.	Potamogeton berchtoldii	5	6	11	Nationally rare	1461	Native	1472	Yes	Least Concern	2-3	<4
16.	Ranunculus sceleratus	7	6	13	Nationally rare	1492	Native	1505	Yes	Least Concern	1-4	<4-10
17.	Juncus inflexus	26	16	42	Natuinally scarce	1758	Native	1800	Yes	Least Concern	1-3	<4
18.	Alisma plantago-aquatica	33	17	50	Natuinally scarce	1761	Native	1811	Yes	Least Concern	1-3	<4
19.	Typha latifolia	21	9	30	Natuinally scarce	1860	Native	1890	Yes	Least Concern	1-7	<4-50
20.	Menyanthes trifoliata	14	4	18	Natuinally scarce	1905	Native	1923	Yes	Least Concern	7-9	50-90
21.	Carex rostrata	26	13	39	Natuinally scarce	1924	Native	1963	Yes	Least Concern	3-5	<4-25
22.	Persicaria amphibia	14	7	21	Natuinally scarce	2013	Native	2034	Yes	Least Concern	1-3	<4
23.	Polygonum aviculare	20	5	25	Natuinally scarce	2030	Native	2055	No		2-7	<4-50
24.	Epilobium hirsutum	20	15	35	Natuinally scarce	2036	Native	2071	Yes	Least Concern	1-3	<4
25.	Sparganium erectum	25	13	38	Natuinally scarce	2129	Native	2167	Yes	Least Concern	1-7	<4-50
26.	Phragmites australis	16	7	23	Natuinally scarce	2182	Native	2205	Yes	Least Concern	7-9	50-90
27.	Juncus bulbosus	15	8	23	Natuinally scarce	2250	Native	2273	Yes	Least Concern	1-4	<4-10
28.	Potamogeton natans	23	12	35	Natuinally scarce	2340	Native	2375	Yes	Least Concern	2-8	<4-75
29.	Gnaphalium uliginosum	13	9	22	Natuinally scarce	2383	Native	2405	No		3-4	<4-10
30.	Iris pseudacorus	25	12	37	Natuinally scarce	2563	Native	2600	Yes	Least Concern	2-5	<4-25
31.	Eleocharis palustris	25	17	42	Natuinally scarce	2577	Native	2619	Yes	Least Concern	1-9	<4-90
32.	Alopecurus geniculatus	32	15	47	Natuinally scarce	2598	Native	2645	No		1-10	<4-100
33.	Glyceria fluitans	34	14	48	Natuinally scarce	2662	Native	2710	Yes	Least Concern	1-6	<4-33
34.	Matricaria discoidea	28	13	41	Natuinally scarce	2677	Neophyte	2718	No		1-8	<4-75
35.	Rumex crispus	32	12	44	Natuinally scarce	2724	Native	2768	No		1-3	<4
36.	Juncus effusus	36	18	54	Natuinally scarce	2753	Native	2807	Yes	Least Concern	1-3	<4
37.	Agrostis stolonifera	33	17	50	Natuinally scarce	2776	Native	2826	Yes	Least Concern	2-9	<4-90
38.	Poa annua	30	9	39	Natuinally scarce	2792	Native	2831	Yes	Least Concern	2-10	<4-100
39.	Bellis perennis	35	16	51	Natuinally scarce	2797	Native	2848	No		2-3	<4
40.	Holcus lanatus	36	17	53	Natuinally scarce	2797	Native	2850	No		1-2	<4

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 Blake 3, NAT Hx 4 spot corner, NAT ellington pond, wark 6 and NAT Druridge pool 2  will be choose as SSSI status, the main reason of choosing those ponds as SSSI because the factor: the pond have the high number of rare species in one type, the pond have the high number of rare species type consider in the aspect of rarity, unique, scientific value. 

For the aspect of consider in the factor of unique, the pond have the high number of one or two types of rare species among all the species like rare species Callitriche truncata, Crassula helmsii etc. For example in this 5 ponds, Blake 3 have the higher number of the rarest species-- Callitriche truncata, and prove that rare species Callitriche truncata have the high unique in Blake 3. The pollution of the pond concentrate will cause a great stimulate to the survival of rare species. Whatever the number of those species are having increasing trend. If the conservation work to those ponds will not to be conduct, the pollution, distroy will conduct a great influent to the living habit of the ponds, if the living habit of the ponds are being destroyed, the rare species will have high risk to extinction. The unique of rare species in the ponds will be decrease and even disappear. 

On the other hand, to consider in the aspect of rarity, it can also view as high diversity in rare species, to view by the number of rare species types, some of the ponds have the high number of rare species types, it is a a certain high value of conservation consider in the factor of rarity. For example NAT Hx 4 spot corner have 4 types of rare species in the top 5 rarest species which is the total count in Northumberland and Great Britain is equal or low than 612. If set the ponds that have the highest number of rare species types as SSSI, it can conduct a effect of conservation multi kinds of rare species at the same time. Because the pond have multi-kinds of rare species, let the conservation value of that ponds being rise.  

In the aspect of fragility, the ponds that have the high number in different kinds of rare species means that the living habitat are easy to destroy, the sensitive are strong. This kind of habitats are having high number of rare species. The character of this distribution format is easy to influent by pollution because large number of rare species are having same character, living habit, so once meet water pollution, it will infect in large-scale, and also extinction in large-scale. That’s the reason of why this types of distribution format is fragility. For example NAT ellington pond, NAT Hx 4 spot corner have the highest number by observated 16 types of natuinally scarce species fouud in 40 ponds the domin scale are 4-9, the majority of speciesare recorded on Red List. So the fragility of two ponds are increase because the concentrate disturb and destroy by external factors can easily effect the majority of rare species, the integrity of rare species will also be decrease. 

In the aspect of NAT Druridge pool 2, the main reason to choose this pond as the SSSI status base on this site has one kind of species which is only appear in this site--- Bidens tripartita, which is one of the nationally rare species, just one 10 km^2 grid in Northumberland. In addition, to view by the domin scale of this species in NAT Druridge, domin scale observed just one in this pond, the range percentage lower than 1, so no matter in rarity, or unique,  this species deserve to conservation by set NAT Druridge pool 2 as SSSI state. If do not set NAT Druridge pool 2 as SSSI state, the pollution, destroy of water quality of the pool will case Bidens tripartite to extinction. So the aim to set NAT Druridge pool2 as SSSI is to protect the most rare species and its have the higher necessary to do this. 

To choose wark 6 as SSSI because considered the domin scale in one species: Alopecurus geniculatus. In 40 ponds observed, only 2 plant species are reach 10 in domin scale: Alopecurus geniculatus and Poa annua. Because in rare species ranking, Alopecurus geniculatus is higher than Poa annua, means Alopecurus geniculatus is more rare than Poa annua, and wark 6 is the pond than have highest domin scale of Alopecurus geniculatus, so choose wark 6 as SSSI. 

Protected Area policy in Hong Kong 

In Hong Kong, there are different protected area policies which are in connection with different protected area ,conservation area, site of special scientific interest (SSSI) like country park, marine park etc. The aim and the usage of those policies is to protect the species and wild animals which the habitat is inside the protected area not to be affect or destroy by human activities, to conserve the precious endangered species and empower the regulatory right to AFCD . All of the protected area policies will have its strength and weakness. At the below will analyse strength and weakness of 3 different protected area policies in Hong Kong . 

2.1 SSSI Policy----establish SSSI (Site of special scientific interest) 

Establish SSSI (Site of specual scientific interest) is the measure under SSSI policy, the aim of establish SSSI is to remind government department the science value of SSSI, it is necessary to consider environmental protection when planning to carry out a development project. At the same time, establish SSSI can also protect, conserve the wild animal species and habitat by restrict the develop project near the SSSI places. Restrict the develop project carry out by residents is one of the strength of SSSI policy because it can be consider at the view of wild animal’s survuval right, understand that only complete and uncontaminted habitat is suitable to let species to survive. SSSI reserve the only precious habitats which provide wild animals to live, especially endangered species, so endangered species become the most important conserve target of SSSI. Generally, development carry out inside the scope of SSSI is prohibit by Hong Kong government.  

Although Hong Kong government has established SSSI, but lack of policies to supervisor, this way let SSSI lose the orginal intention of protecting endangerous species and their living habit indirectly.  However, nowadays, there are still not yet having supervision policies to monitoring the SSSI in Hong Kong base on some of the SSSI are releated to private title, it is hard to conduct any supervision policies by Hong Kong government. On the other hand, Hong Kong government did not review the situation of SSSI regularly and conduct the protection action, so SSSI is easy to destroy, interference the wild animal species and there habitats by human activities, the number of wild animals species will be decrease through the destroy level of there habitat (SSSI) and the frequency of human activities increase. To wild animals, out of monitoring and supervision to SSSI will be a great threat because wild animals are facing the extinction crisis when they cannot habitat and foraging in destroyed habitats. One example is the matter of illegal dumping dump at Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, a environmental protection organizer found that the fish pond at Ramsar Site has been filled and mangrove has been removed, but the location of mud dumping is locate at Heron birds forest, have the great value of ecology conservation. 4So, the matter of mud dumping can be construct a huge ecology crisis include: extinction of endangered and extremely endangered species base on their habitat (wetland) has been destroyed, the biodiversity of biogeopraphic area will be drop drasatically. To solve the problem, government has organized a Public-private partnership pilot scheme on nature conservation to intend to cooperate with private sector to address the issue of insufficient conservation of SSSI at private land,5.  

Another problem of establish SSSI is about to the restriction to the agriculture development. Based on SSSI restrict artificial develop strictly aims to protect the species in SSSI, include agriculture activities, once farmland set into SSSI scope, all the agriculture activities are prohibit to conduct. In addition, set private farmland as SSSI will also initiate another problem---government encroach on private property of farmland owner, it must let landowner unsatified if the compensation is not enough. Hong Kong has already have an example about this: Government set Tai Ho Wan as SSSI, but involve private land. SSSI restrict villager to develop village house and agriculture, aroused fierce dissatisfaction among villagers, saying that setting up a conservation area is equivalent to occupying private property. They demonstration and remove mangroves and trees, aims to intend government to change the conservation policies. 6This matter has shown that the loopholes are appear in this policy. 

2.2 Cap 208: Country Park Ordinance 

In Hong Kong, there are some SSSI are locate in the scope of Country Park, like Tai Mo Shan Montane Scrub Forest, Shing Mun Fung Shui Woodland etc., are include in the management scope of Country Park Ordinance. It can said that Country Park Ordinance are also one of the Hong Kong SSSI policies. 

Country Park Ordinance provide a law reference to Country and Marine parks board to manage, control the country parks and special areas. Country Park Ordinance aims to provide a regulatory power and responsibility to AFCD to supervision the environment of country park and restrict the human activities which are destroy the ecology environment inside country park by utilize legal. Include to prohibit the activities that will damage the underground soil like cut any part of the plants, cultivate the soil and plant any seeds or plants. And some of the human activities will influent to the large scale environment of country park like camping out of the indicated area, burn fire and more serious human activities as building construction at country park. So it can see that Country Park Ordinance are protect the habitat by utilize the method of control the onshore activities comprehensively. 

But the Country Park Ordinance become the restrict of urban development because the restrict of construction, development, construction project which is not permit by AFCD cannot be operate. In addition, the application of land resource because the area that control and manage by Country Park Ordinance cannot change the usage as housing development, because this way will damage the nature environment and species habitat far-reaching in a long term. So the restriction for development of Country Park Ordinance cannot release country park land for other usage, restrict the use of country park land and also cannot balance the land use demand of social needs and economy with conservation is a weakness of Country Park Ordinance. One example is government had intend to develop housing estate at the border area of Tai Lam Country Park, Ma On Shan Country Park to solve the situation of lack of land to develop housing estate in urban area. But environment protection organizations claim that this way is to broke the country Park Ordinance.7At the same time, environment protection organizations suggest to develop brownfield sites 

2.3 Cap 476 Marine Parks Ordinance 

Similar to Country Park Ordinance, Marine Park Ordinance are also provide a regulatory power and responsibility to AFCD to supervision the environment of marine park. “Marine Park Ordinance’’ point out that it is prohibit to conduct variety of water activities like fishing, boating, including surfing, wind-surfing and water-skiing, mooring apart from fishing and spear-fishing. It shows that the control scope to activities inside marine parks of Marine Parks Ordinance is comprehensive, can be ban a variety of activities which can be destrib the living habitats and the ecology system of endangered species, this become the strength and the most important usage of Marine Parks Ordinance.  

However, Marine Parks Ordinance is very rely on the responsibility of AFCD to supervise and management, include the patrol job at each marine parks, if the staffs of AFCD dereliction of duty, Marine Parks Ordinance will become invalid to a large extent base on Marine Parks Ordinance are lose the usage of monitoring, managing, restrict the human activities inside the marine park, resident can be entry the area and conduct the activities which are prohibited by Marine Park Ordinance freely. On the other hand, the notification mechanism between residents and AFCD is not enough, nowadays, residents can just notify the illegal human activities to AFCD by one way---call the telephone number 1823, and the procedure is complicated.8 In addition, AFCD are still rely on the media report, website discussion to notify the serious level of marine park damage, it shows that the acuity of AFCD to marine park management is not enough and not acceptable and also the hindsight of AFCD. On the other hand, the petrol route of AFCD has been in use for a long time and has not been revised in response to new needs and the increase in the number of tourists , it shows that AFCD become rigid in marine park management.9 It shows that the notification mechanism cannot control, buffet illegal behavior relate to marine park habitat destroy, the relate behavior will be increase conversely. Under the situation of lack of manage by AFCD, it shows that Marine Park ordinance are lose the usage of monitoring, managing, restrict the human activities inside the marine park 

  

  

 

Conclusion 

This project has been reviewed the distribution of 40 types of rare plant species in 40 ponds at Druridge Bay area of southern Northumberland with North and South Northumberland and Great Britain distribution data and IUCN Red List. 5 ponds among 40 ponds has been chosen as SSSI: Blake 3, NAT Hx 4 spot corner, NAT ellington pond, NAT big waters wood and NAT Druridge pool 2 based on the factor of the pond have the high number of rare species in one type, the pond have the high number of rare species type consider in the aspect of rarity, unique, scientific value. Blake 3 have the higher number of the rarest species-- Callitriche truncate, NAT Hx 4 spot corner have 4 types of rare species in the top 5 rarest species. In the result, it has observed that some of the ponds are having numerous kinds of rare species at the same time, and one kind of rare species-- Bidens tripartita  are the rarest because this species just found in one pond and the total number of plant found are 1, means that the pond that observed Bidens tripartite are very state to be SSSI. 

For the aspect of the protection area policies in Hong Kong, establish SSSI, Country Park Ordinance and Marine Park Ordinance are the protection area policies that involve the scope of  country park, conservation area and Site of Special Scientific Interest, those policies are also can view the strength and weakness. Mainly, there are numerous loophole in those policies no matter in carry out by government or from the policy original, like SSSI is about to the restriction to the agriculture development, Country Park Ordinance restrict the housing development, balance the land use demand of social needs and economy with nature environment conservation, Marine Park Ordinance will lose the usage of manage the marine park if AFCD dereliction of duty etc. 

 

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